Hvad glæde har man af ChatGPT?

Er det ikke bare fordummende?

Måske kommer det an på hvor godt man formulerer input – også kaldet prompt (fordi det er en slags kommando). Her er et exempel blandt mange, hvor jeg var glad for at få viden formuleret i naturligt sprog.

“user” er mig, Donald, og ChatGPT er en wep-applikation, altså et website, som bruger GPT (sprog analyse og sprog-generator) som front end til en database, der er imponerende. Det er ikke lykkedes mig at finde ud af hvordan databasen er organiseret, men ved at søge både med ChatGPT og Google kan man finde principperne. Det mest indlysende, lette at forstå, er at der er forskellige sprog-domæner, områder, eller fagsprog; ord som “interest” kan betyde interesse og bank-rente. Hvis det er et finans spørgsmål er det nok mest sandsynligt i betydningen “rente”. GPT analysedelen ser statistisk på forekomsten af ord – heri indgår både grammatisk placering og ordklasse.

Men det er ikke umuligt at fodre GPT med sætninger, som den ikke kan forstå. Det er bare ikke særlig nyttigt, så det har jeg ikke experimenteret med.

Det er programmerings-metoderne, som er overraskende effektive. Der er ikke tale om én lineær algoritme, men om mange mulige mønstre, som forsøges sammenlignet med input (det, som brugeren skriver; det kaldes et prompt).

Samtidig foretages semantisk analyse, (samtidig: se kort beskrivelse af computer neuralt-netværk) – altså, der foretages en semantisk analyse. Semantiske “træer” er strukturer hvor ordenes nuancer. Men hele “mekanikken” er “pakket ind” i en eller anden form for “neuralt netværk”, hvilket bidrager til misforståelsen af hvad kunstig intelligens er (eller rettere ikke er). Neuralt netværk er i simplificeret form en lang række processer, som fungerer nøjagtig som en computer fungerer, input, behandling, memory, output. Men disse neurale netværk processer, kaldet “noder”, (for knude, knudepunkt) kan få input fra andre noder. Måden hvorpå det er organiseret er bestemmende for “typen af neuralt netværk”.

Desuden kan noderne så afgøre, hvilken slags funktion input skal behandles med. De næste lag kan derefter summere op hvad resultatet er. Det skal ske tusindvis af gange, måske snarere million-vis, før man kan få noget fornuftigt ud af systemet, som fx. sammenligning af et billede med et 7-tal med det pixel-mønster, et syvtal normalt danner.

Som man kan se, er det en lang proces, hvori der både indgår skalering, sammenligning, statistik, sammenligning igen, repositionering eller whatever. Tænk på hvor længe det tog postvæsenerne at få maskiner, der kunne læse håndskrift og sortere brevene derefter. Ingen postvogne med nattogene mellem provinsen og København nutildags.

Photons vs Electrons: Differences

user
In a video about the double slit experiment there was new science pointing at experiments that show small atom-scale "things" can generate an interference pattern like light does when going through a double slit.
As an radio-tube amateur I know that a heated cathode emits light AND electrons which then can be slowed or hindered by grids between cathode and anode.

But the difference between photons and electrons was not explained. Can you help out? 

What is the difference between photons and electrons?

ChatGPT
Photons and electrons are fundamental particles, but they possess different properties and behave differently. Here are some key differences between photons and electrons:

1. Charge: Electrons carry a negative electric charge (e-), whereas photons are electrically neutral. Photons do not possess any charge.

2. Mass: Electrons have a mass, albeit a very small one (approximately 9.11 x 10^-31 kilograms). On the other hand, photons are massless particles. They do not have any rest mass.

3. Interactions: Electrons interact with electric and magnetic fields due to their charge. They can be influenced by electromagnetic forces and can be deflected or redirected by electric and magnetic fields. Photons, being neutral, do not experience electric or magnetic fields directly but can be influenced by them indirectly.

4. Behavior: Electrons can be treated as both particles and waves, exhibiting wave-particle duality. They possess a wavelength associated with their motion, and this wavelength can be used to describe their behavior, particularly in quantum mechanics. Photons, on the other hand, are always treated as waves. They are carriers of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, and exhibit wave-like properties such as interference and diffraction.

5. Energy: Electrons possess kinetic energy due to their mass and velocity, and they can have different energy levels depending on their environment (such as in atoms or electrical circuits). Photons, on the other hand, do not possess mass, but they carry energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The energy of a photon is related to its frequency or wavelength.

In the context of the double-slit experiment, both photons and electrons can exhibit wave-like behavior and generate interference patterns. When electrons are accelerated through a double slit, they can interfere with each other and create an interference pattern on a screen. Similarly, when light (composed of photons) passes through a double slit, it also produces an interference pattern. This phenomenon demonstrates the wave-particle duality of both photons and electrons.

userPhotons do not have any rest mass, you say. Is it "no mass if they rest" (photons can not rest),

or is it the mass of an object when you outweigh the cinetic energy of the object?

ChatGPTPhotons are massless particles, regardless of whether they are at rest or in motion. In the context of special relativity, massless particles like photons always travel at the speed of light in a vacuum (denoted by "c"). According to Einstein's famous equation, E = mc^2, where E represents energy and m represents mass, massless particles have zero rest mass (m = 0). 

This means that photons do not possess any rest mass even when they are not in motion. They are always moving at the speed of light and have an inherent energy determined by their frequency or wavelength. The energy of a photon is given by E = hf, where h is Planck's constant and f is the frequency of the photon.

It's important to note that while objects with mass can have their mass increased as their kinetic energy increases, this does not apply to photons. Photons have no rest mass, and their energy is solely determined by their frequency or wavelength, which corresponds to their electromagnetic radiation.

user
Again you use the expression rest mass, what is it?
 "... massless particles have zero rest mass (m == 0).

ChatGPT
Rest mass, also known as invariant mass, refers to the mass of an object as measured in a reference frame where the object is at rest. It is a fundamental property of particles and is independent of their motion or energy.

In special relativity, the concept of rest mass becomes significant because the mass of an object is not constant across all reference frames. As an object's velocity approaches the speed of light, its relativistic mass (which includes both its rest mass and its kinetic energy) increases. However, the rest mass remains constant regardless of the object's velocity.

For particles such as electrons, protons, and atoms, their rest mass is typically measured and reported. Rest mass is a property associated with matter and is different from the concept of relativistic mass, which takes into account the total energy of an object, including its kinetic energy.

In the case of photons, they are unique as they are massless particles. This means that their rest mass is zero in all reference frames. They always travel at the speed of light and do not have a rest frame. Therefore, the concept of rest mass is not applicable to photons. Their energy is solely determined by their frequency or wavelength, as described by the equation E = hf (where E is energy, h is Planck's constant, and f is the frequency of the photon).

userVery well. Then this leads to the question "How can light influence matter" - the photoelectric effect. Einstein wrote about that (and this got him the Nobel price, albeit later).

ChatGPTThe photoelectric effect, which Albert Einstein described in his groundbreaking 1905 paper, is a phenomenon that demonstrates how light can influence matter. It involves the ejection of electrons from a material's surface when it is illuminated with light of a sufficiently high frequency or energy.

The key concept in the photoelectric effect is the interaction between photons (particles of light) and electrons in matter. When a photon interacts with an atom or a material, it can transfer its energy to an electron within that material. For this interaction to occur, the energy of the photon must be equal to or greater than the binding energy holding the electron to the material.

If the energy of the photon surpasses the binding energy, the excess energy is transferred to the electron, which can then be ejected from the material's surface. This process is known as photoemission. The ejected electrons are referred to as photoelectrons.

The photoelectric effect played a crucial role in shaping our understanding of light and matter. Einstein's explanation of the effect involved treating light as a stream of discrete particles or "quanta" (later called photons), each carrying a specific amount of energy. This concept challenged the prevailing wave theory of light and laid the foundation for the development of quantum mechanics.

Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. His explanation of the effect provided strong evidence for the existence of photons and contributed significantly to the development of quantum theory, which revolutionized our understanding of the microscopic world.

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Example of dialogue about Natural Language Processing

ELIZA: Therapy Simulation Program.

DO == donald.

In a previous session I asked questions about computer history. I know a new chat is a beginning without context. Here is some context: We chatted about GIER, the early Danish computer, and then about WW2 radar and Alan Turing, about early “analogue” computers, and then about Babbage, Jacquard weave and even antique astrolabs. Now to another field of knowledge, language processing, for and against. Around 1970 Alexander Weizenbaum wrote a computerprogram which he unfortunately called “Eliza” after the Flower Girl in the famous comedy “My Fair Lady”. His intent was to show how easily people could be fooled to think that this was “intelligence” whereas he considered it stupid evasion of questions. He was inspired by a form of therapy where you return the question people ask, perhaps in another phrasing. His program was quite elaborate, but nothing compared ti ChatGPT 3.5. Nevertheless it worked too well, and he was shocked when his secretary asked to be allowed to have a session one on one with the computer. Have you any idea how elaborate this first dialogue system was and the principles it was built on? Excuse me my English – the principle used for its construction (better phrasing I hope)? – ?

Response:

Yes, I’m familiar with the computer program you’re referring to, which is commonly known as “ELIZA.” ELIZA was an early natural language processing program that was created by Joseph Weizenbaum, a computer scientist at MIT, in 1966. The program was designed to simulate a conversation between a therapist and a patient, using a technique known as “rephrasing.”

ELIZA worked by parsing the input from the user and transforming it into a series of simple patterns that it could recognize. The program would then use these patterns to generate responses that were intended to simulate the way a therapist might respond to a patient. ELIZA was able to achieve some success in simulating a therapeutic conversation, and it was able to convince some users that they were talking to a real person.

One of the key principles underlying the design of ELIZA was the concept of “paraphrasing,” which involves rephrasing what the user has said in order to encourage them to explore their thoughts and feelings more deeply. Another important principle was the use of open-ended questions, which were designed to encourage the user to talk more freely and openly.

Overall, ELIZA was a groundbreaking program that helped to lay the foundation for many of the natural language processing technologies that we use today. Despite its simplicity, it was able to demonstrate that computers could be used to simulate human conversation, and it helped to inspire many subsequent developments in the field of artificial intelligence.

Oh yes it was Joseph, not Alexander, but Weizenbaum it was. He was a refugee from Nazi Germany, right?

1 / 3 (One of three responses, I requested two more to see the difference.)

Yes, that’s correct. Joseph Weizenbaum was born in Berlin, Germany in 1923, and he and his family were forced to flee Nazi persecution in the late 1930s. They eventually settled in the United States, where Weizenbaum went on to become a prominent computer scientist and a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Weizenbaum’s experience as a refugee and his interest in social justice issues informed much of his work, including his development of the ELIZA program. He was deeply skeptical of the idea that computers could ever truly replicate human intelligence or consciousness, and he saw the widespread adoption of technology as a potential threat to individual autonomy and privacy. Weizenbaum’s work and ideas continue to influence the field of computer science to this day.

I tried to regenerate response and got one more without elaboration on Weizenbaums views. Then I got a third response which mentions his writings, among which is “Computer Power and Human Reason”, 1975. As you say he was skeptical, not just about “AI” or intelligence, but also about big systems becoming interdependent in a way people would not understand before it was too late. As an example he mentions that computer-controlled buy and sell on a market (stock exchange) could generate spin where pricing went out of control. Even if there are stop-limits, this actually happened during the early years of computer-controlled trade. Do you have any info about such an incident?

Response:

Yes, you are correct that Weizenbaum was concerned about the potential negative impacts of large-scale computer systems and automation on society. In his book “Computer Power and Human Reason,” he argued that technology was not neutral, and that it could reinforce existing power structures and social hierarchies if it was not developed and used in a responsible way.

Regarding your question about incidents of computer-controlled trading going out of control, there have been a number of such incidents over the years. One notable example occurred on October 19, 1987, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average experienced a sudden and severe drop of 508 points (a decline of 22.6%) in a single day. This event, which came to be known as “Black Monday,” was widely attributed to a combination of factors, including computerized trading systems that were programmed to automatically sell stocks when they reached certain thresholds.

More recently, there have been concerns about the potential risks associated with high-frequency trading, which involves the use of computer algorithms to buy and sell stocks at lightning-fast speeds. Critics argue that this practice can create instability in financial markets and contribute to systemic risks that could ultimately harm the broader economy. However, it’s worth noting that there is ongoing debate about the extent to which these concerns are valid, and many proponents of high-frequency trading argue that it provides liquidity and efficiency to financial markets.

Regenerate response

ChatGPT Mar 23 Version. Free Research Preview. ChatGPT may produce inaccurate information about people, places, or facts.

Experiment:

Jeg har digtet en historie for mine børn engang, her er den samme historie digtet af et computerprogram, som analyserer sprog (“natural language”) – på English. Du har nok gættet at det er ChatGPT, som danner svar, responserer på prompt.

=====ooooOOOOoooo=====

Spørgsmålet lød:

I have been told that you can write a story. H.C. Andersen was famous for giving personality to small things in everyday life, such as a teapot and a salt bowl. Can you give a sugar bowl the role of a snobbish woman and the broken vase on a table the role of a poor girl?

Ved første forsøg kom dette ud af maskinen:

Once upon a time, in a quaint little cottage, there lived a sugar bowl that was very particular about her appearance and the company she kept. She would only accept the finest sugars, and would never let anyone else share her space on the table. She would often look down on the other objects in the cottage, believing herself to be above them in social status.

One day, a new object arrived in the cottage – a broken vase that had been rescued from a nearby antique shop. The sugar bowl looked at the vase with disdain, seeing only its imperfections and flaws. The vase, on the other hand, was humble and grateful to be given a new home. Despite her snobbish behavior, the sugar bowl couldn’t help but feel a twinge of envy at the vase’s ability to appreciate the simple things in life.

As time went on, the other objects in the cottage began to see the sugar bowl for what she truly was – a proud and lonely creature who had isolated herself from the rest of the world. The vase, on the other hand, was admired for her resilience and ability to find joy in the smallest of things.

Eventually, the sugar bowl realized the error of her ways and began to open herself up to the other objects in the cottage. She apologized to the vase for her snobbish behavior, and the two became good friends. The sugar bowl learned that true happiness came from being kind to others and appreciating the beauty in the world around her, rather than just focusing on her own appearance and social status.

And so, the sugar bowl and the broken vase lived happily ever after, each with their own unique qualities and personalities, but both valued and loved by the other objects in the cottage.

—===***OO***===—

Ved andet forsøg kom der denne variant:

Once upon a time, in a cozy and quaint kitchen, there lived a sugar bowl named Sophie. Sophie was a snobbish woman who always held her head high and looked down on everyone around her. She was proud of her delicate porcelain body and her intricate designs, which made her feel superior to the other objects in the kitchen.

One day, a clumsy maid accidentally knocked over a vase while dusting the table. The vase shattered into tiny pieces, leaving a poor girl named Lily feeling broken and alone. Lily had been placed on the table by her previous owners, who had cherished her and taken care of her for many years. She had always been the centerpiece of their home, admired by all who entered.

As Sophie watched the commotion, she felt a sense of relief that it wasn’t her who had fallen and broken. She looked down her nose at the broken vase and scoffed, “Well, I guess that’s what happens when you’re not made of fine porcelain like me.”

But as the days went on, Sophie noticed that no one seemed to pay her as much attention as they used to. The maid would often forget to fill her with sugar, and the other objects in the kitchen would barely acknowledge her presence. Sophie realized that her snobbish attitude had driven away the very people she so desperately craved attention from.

Meanwhile, Lily sat in a pile of broken pieces, feeling more alone than ever before. She longed for someone to pick her up, to glue her back together, and to love her once again. But as the days turned into weeks, no one came to her rescue.

One day, as the maid was tidying up the kitchen, she noticed the broken vase on the table. She felt a pang of sympathy for the poor girl and decided to take her home to mend her. The maid spent hours carefully piecing Lily back together, admiring the intricate details of her design and realizing how much love and care had gone into creating her.

As the maid placed the newly repaired vase back on the table, Sophie looked on in awe. She realized that true beauty was not just about outward appearances, but about the love and care that went into creating something. She felt a pang of regret for her snobbish behavior and resolved to change her ways.

From that day on, Sophie became a kinder and more humble sugar bowl. She realized that it was not her delicate porcelain body that made her special, but the memories and moments that she had shared with the people who had used her. And as for Lily, she became a beloved centerpiece once again, cherished by all who entered the kitchen.

Synsforstyrrelser – mouches volantes

I et årstid har venstre øje generet mig meget. Jeg gik til øjenlæge og blev undersøgt for grå stær. Øjenlægens råd var at være ubekymret – alle får grå stær, det kan opereres, men jeg burde vente til jeg ikke kunne holde det ud mere. Jeg spurgte måske ikke tydeligt nok om hun kunne undersøge glaslegemet, for så meget havde jeg fundet ud af, det var ikke linsen, men snarere øjets indre “glaslegeme”, som på grund af aldersforandringer havde fået store “mouches volante”, sorte pletter, som flytter sig lidt afhængig af øjets bevægelser.

Det vidste jeg allerede fra ca. 2004, hvor jeg under et kursus fik alvorlige synsforstyrrelser og fik kontrolleret øjnene hos to øjenlæger – den første sagde “det var ingenting”, den anden var mere grundig og forklarede hvordan glaslegemet med alderen mister kontakt med synsnerven, og hvordan det kan fremkalde synsforstyrrelser.

Når man har arbejdet med lys, foto, fysik, farver, så ved man jo godt at øjets funktion er meget sammensat – man kan klare sig med meget ringere syn end det, vi havde som unge. Men den tilstand, jeg nu var havnet i, hvor venstre øje somme tider “stod af” i en tåge, den giver hovedpine, så derfor må jeg igen undersøge, hvad der sker og om der kan gøres noget. En ting, jeg havde hørt fra en anden patient, er at et løst glaslegeme kan brændes fast med en laserstråle – underforstået, man danner noget arvæv, som holder glaslegemet fast. Det er en risikabel operation, ikke noget man bare lige …

Der er flere andre måder at afhjælpe problemerne, og dem kan man læse om både på Dansk og på Engelsk.

Men den slags viden var ikke tilgængelig for 19 år siden. Nu søgte jeg igen, og fandt meget nyttig information i en artikel fra Øjenforeningen – en forbilledlig artikel, hvorfra jeg har lånt to illustrationer, kun:

Livskvalitetsundersøgelser har vist, at en gruppe af i øvrigt friske personer med generende uklarheder er villig til at betale en høj pris for at slippe for uklarhederne. Således har man fundet, at gruppen er villig til at afkorte restlevetid med 11 pct., er villig til at acceptere en dødelighed på 11 pct. i forbindelse med et indgreb, og gruppen er yderligere villig til at acceptere en risiko for blindhed på 7 pct.
Lignende studier anfører, at man er villig til at ofre mere for at slippe af med uklarhederne
end for at slippe for aldersrelateret makula degeneration (AMD) og grøn stær (glaucom). Påvirkningen af livskvalitet anføres ligeledes at være på niveau med diabetisk øjensygdom, tyktarmskræft og ikke-symptomgivende hiv-infektion.

https://ojenforeningen.dk/artikler/uklarheder-glaslegemet

Fig. 4. Glaslegemet med uklarhederne fjernes ved en operation. Igennem instrumenter, der kommer ind i øjet gennem nogle små huller forrest i øjet, nærmest suger man glaslegemet ud. Det erstattes med en luftgas, der med tiden forsvinder helt af sig selv. I stedet udfylder kroppen selv øjet med noget væske, som man kan se igennem.

Angående elevers attituder

Hvis man er interesseret i uddannelse, mønsterbrydere, karaktertræk mv. så skal man se den dokumentar, som fhv. statsminister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen har medvirket i – om sin far og fejl-anbringelse på Livø.

Kort fortalt var faderen en rod, men også af en fattig familie, og han gjorde oprør mod alting, også sin mor, som ene forsøgte at holde sammen på familien. Da barnet truer med vold, bliver han anbragt på Livø, og det kan vi alle sammen se en rimelighed i, men på den anden side er Livø ikke stedet for en ung dreng, som vi senere finder ud af ikke er så dum.

Poul Nyrup arvede åbenbart lidt af det vilde temperament, for han kom på tværs af sin skole, og forældrene blev så kaldt til samtale osv. Faderens reaktion er at tage sønnen (senere statsminister) ud af skolen og køre på cykel med ham til en anden skole, som — heldigvis for Socialdemokratiet — finder ud af at give Poul en god skolegang.

Engang i et “fortælle-telt” i Tisvilde fortalte Poul Nyrup om sin første dag ved en højere uddannelse – åbenbart begyndte den på en vinterdag, for han fortalte at det lykkedes ham at oversprøjte rektoren/chefen med snesjap fra en opbremsning, hvor han kom i skred på sin motorcykel og væltede med det resultat at snesjap sprøjtede op på rektor (jeg husker ikke nærmere omstændigheder).

Mindreværd?

Jeg har en studentereksamen fra en tid, hvor det var en adgangsbillet til alle højere uddannelser. Der er sket så meget indenfor videnskab, fra kemi, materialekundskab, fysik med optik, elektronik, elektromagnetisme, elementarpartikel forskning, og derfra til kosmologi, – og den anden vej, lægevidenskab, biologi, celleforskning, protein-forskning, patologi. Måske filosofi ud fra en psykologisk vinkel mangler, – men det er mængden af fysik-metoder, der er mit ærinde.

Mit ærinde er, at der ikke er nogen, der kan overskue alle forskningens og videnskabens områder.

Men vi skal alligevel gøre et forsøg, vi skal uddanne en generalist, og vores politikere må ikke tro at en generalist er i stand til at træffe beslutninger alene.

Hvis du kan svare ja til at kende en eller flere af nedenstående forskningsområder, så er du godt kørende. Men jeg tror ikke at vi kan svare ja til allesammen, og det er det, der er min observation her: Vi har, de fleste af os, viden om et hjørne af den mest fremme forskning, men ikke nok til at vi kan udelukke at vi bliver taget ved næsen eller kan bedømme vigtigheden og værdien. Tænk “Penkova”.

Interferometry

Interferometry is a technique which uses the interference of superimposed waves to extract information.^[1] Interferometry typically uses electromagnetic waves and is an important investigative technique in the fields of astronomy, fiber optics, engineering metrology, optical metrology, oceanography, seismology, spectroscopy (and its applications to chemistry), quantum mechanics, nuclear and particle physics, plasma physics, remote sensing, biomolecular interactions, surface profiling, microfluidics, mechanical stress/strain measurement, velocimetry, optometry, and making holograms.^[2]: 1–2

Hvis man skal uddanne vores børn og andre til at have et gyldigt billede af vore dages teknik og videnskab, så skal der være en vej fra den grundlæggende oplevelse, barnets oplevelse, til den voksnes reflektion over et fænomen og dannelse af “modeller”. Det eksempel, som jeg foretrækker, er vores berømte landsmand Niels Bohr’s model af brint-atomet som et “miniature solsystem”, en kerne, hvorom der roterer en anden partikel; den i midten stor og tung, den udenom lille og meget elektrisk, — ja ja du ved godt at vi kalder det en kerne bestående af neutroner og protoner, og omkring det en skal af et eller flere elektroner.

Men det er et billede, som Bohr og hans mange kolleger hurtigt forlod, fordi partikler ikke er små kugler, men snarere skyer med fortætningscentrum, eller processer, eller et “felt” i svingning.

Og det er først når vi kan sætte denne model i forbindelse med de fænomener, som vi kan registrere enten ved forsøg eller målinger, at modellen har betydning, – den er en forklaring. Modellen kan sindet bruge til at tænke med.

Hvis du kører med 130 km. i timen vil du være her om 50 år …

En morsom interaktiv webside:

Brug pile-tasterne og scroll sidelæns fra solen ud mod Mercur, Venus, Jorden, og … hvis du orker, resten af planeterne. Der er dog lidt underholdning undervejs som fx. ved 131 mio km: Vi er nu halvvejs hjemme.

Og når man går fra Mars mod Jupiter: Sit back and relax. Jupiter is more than 3 times as far as we just traveled.

This is where we might at least see some asteroids to wake us up.

Too bad they’re all too small to appear on this map.

Hele ugen alene, åh åh åh åh

Hvad er bedst sku’ jeg mene … hvad er meningen med den sang?

Jeg har været hjemme det meste af den forløbne uge. Mit højre ben, ømme, stive og hårde muskler i ryg og lægge, mildnet ved pillebrug mindsker lysten til udflugter, og dog har jeg lavet mange ting. Men det slog mig at jeg virkelig kan nyde denne lille plet, hvor jeg bor, fordi lyset sådan en uge er så smukt, og vejret bød på rimfrost om morgenen, nordlys om natten og blinkende dugdråber henad formiddagen.

Her er lidt af herlighederne, i kronologisk rækkefølge fra nederste med uret:

Morgenlys før solopgang.

Solopgang, Sol på rimfrost.

Tidlig aften før Jazzcafé i Ramløse: To stjerner på den klare himmel: Venus kysser Jupiter.

Click chemistry – hvad er den bedste form for undervisning?

Hjerne-Madsen (Anders Peter Lund Madsen) havde Morten Meldal på besøg.

It just says click – and the molecules are coupled together

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2022/press-release/

5. October 2022

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022 to

Carolyn R. Bertozzi
Stanford University, CA, USA

Morten Meldal
University of Copenhagen, Denmark

K. Barry Sharpless
Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA

I udsendelsen forklarede Morten Meldal i et forståeligt sprog hvad det var, der havde udløst en Nobel-pris: klik-kemi, — click-chemistry.

Det var nysgerrighed, ikke karriere ambitioner, som havde drevet den 68-årige professor i kemi gennem hele livet, han elskede at gå i laboratoriet. Et problem med en Nobel pris var, sagde han, at så blev hans daglige rytme brudt, og det kunne blive vanskeligt med blot én dag om ugen i laboratoriet.

Rekrutering af næsten generation optog ham også meget. Undervisning er vigtigt – hvorfor er der ikke så mange, der søger ind på kemi-studierne?

For at gøre undervisningen bedre foreslog han visualisering – og en af de mest overraskende ting i udsendelsen var at man faktisk i dag kan kontrollere vores modeller af molekyler ved forskellige målemetoder som “visualiserer” – danner billeder – af molekyle-strukturer, se fx. illustration i Wikipedia artikel om atomic force microscopy.

Meldal foreslog også at man fra første klasse gav de små mennesker 10 minutters undervisning/snak om kemi, og som eksempel foreslog han “plastic”, illustreret med de affalds-øer af brugt plastic, som hober sig op i hvirvler nogle steder i oceanerne.

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Jeg er bekymret for denne måde at tale om ting uden at gå omkring den historiske vej, hvordan mennesket gjorde naturvidenskabelige opdagelser – ved observationer, som har større significans i henseende til fysik, kemi og dermed ontologi, videnskaben om væren.

Sagt på en mere firkantet måde: Kemi-undervisning bør begynde med opdagelse af grundstofferne, guld, sølv, og senere kul, ilt, brint, kobber, jern, silicium, bly, uran, …

De græske filosoffer havde “kun” jord, vand, luft og ild, men opdagede jo hurtigt at fx. jord består af mange forskellige ting. Min fysik-lærer havde skrevet lærebøger i kemi og fysik, hvor han gik imod den trend, der er med at begynde en kemibog med en forsimpling af Bohrs atom-model.

in chemical synthesis, click chemistry is a class of simple, atom-economy reactions commonly used for joining two molecular entities of choice. Click chemistry is not a single specific reaction, but describes a way of generating products that follow examples in nature, which also generates substances by joining small modular units. In many applications, click reactions join a biomolecule and a reporter molecule. Click chemistry is not limited to biological conditions: the concept of a “click” reaction has been used in chemoproteomic, pharmacological, and various biomimetic applications. However, they have been made notably useful in the detection, localization and qualification of biomolecules.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_chemistry

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Morten Meldal omtalte de mange fremskridt, der er gjort med mikroskopi af forskellig slags, her blot ét eksempel:

Chemists in Europe can now snap images of single molecules that are so sharp you can not only see the individual atoms within the molecule, but also make out the electrons that bond the atoms together.

https://cosmosmagazine.com/technology/what-does-an-electron-cloud-really-look-like/

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I undervisning i kemi og fysik har det været et bærende princip at man også skulle have øvelser eller i det mindste demonstrationer, hvor læreren og nogle elever viser de fænomener, man ønsker at forklare nærmere.

Det er meget godt, men det kan jo også være så meget forsimplet, at eleverne opfatter “skolen” som en verden for sig selv og “videnskaben” som nogle elfenbenstårne, som det vil være næsten umuligt at nærme sig.

Da jeg efter mange år efterhånden var kommet ud over frygten for videnskabens front, fik jeg jo undervisning i computer-teknik, og dér oplevede jeg med den største styrke hvordan mange fagfolk manglede realitets-fornemmelse for nogle af de ting, der foregår i en computer. Sagt på en anden måde, jeg oplevede at hands-on var den eneste undervisning, som virkede. Godt nok med en introduktion, forklaring af opgaven, men altså kort og godt “gør det selv” for at bryde fortryllelsen af dem og os :

Bryd muren mellem

videnskaben og os.

Salsa agli spinaci

Link til websiden med denne opskrift, buttalapasta.it/ricette/ricetta-salsa-agli-spinaci/20694/

To eat a nice bright green pasta you don’t necessarily have to use pesto, you can also prepare this simple spinach-based sauce.

Pasta with spinach sauce can also be a great way to introduce children to vegetables.

Ingredients

40 g. almonds

1 clove of garlic

2 salted anchovies

600 g. spinach

6 spoons of extra virgin olive oil

Salt to taste.

Spinach sauce – Salsa agli spinaci

Preparation

Soak the almonds in hot water for about ten minutes and peel them.

Pound them well in the mortar adding a few tablespoons of water or blend them with a food processor.

Clean and wash the spinach, cook them in a pot without adding water. [without adding water?]

Pour the oil into a pan, add the desalted and boned anchovies, put on the heat and let them melt.

Add the spinach, the crushed garlic and salt to taste, cook for five minutes.

Blend everything with the food processor, put it back in the pan, add the previously prepared almond paste and thicken over low heat, stirring, until it reaches the right density.

Season the pasta with this sauce plus a handful of grated Parmesan and complete with a drizzle of raw oil.

Jeg glemmer altid hvad jeg vil skrive …

Men lige nu har jeg to stikord:

Einstein taler om spacetime

Men også om masse.

Men masse kan kun opleves, måles, hvis man har tid (flyt den eller sæt den på en vægt, der reagerer over tid osv.) så hvorfor ikke “mass-time” eller (sprogligt bedre) “time-mass”?

Jeg skulle desuden hilse fra de fleste videnskabsformidlere og sige at tiden ikke går baglæns.

DR har ellers en dokumentar, som får hårene til at rejse sig på mit instruktør/lærer/undervisningshoved:

På skuldrene af Bohr: Tid eksisterer ikke

SÆSON 1 EPISODE 1 | 15M

Alle

Nogle mener at tid slet ikke eksisterer. Vi oplever den kun, fordi vi som mennesker ikke kan se de allermindste ting i universet, men kan det virkelig passe? Dansk videnskabsserie fra 2022 om kvantefysikkens uforklarligheder, som tager udgangspunkt i de ideer og tanker den danske fysiker Niels Bohr havde for 100 år siden, og som blev fundamentet til kvantemekanikken. En teori om de allermindste ting i universet. Udløber: 1. nov 2025

Udbygning –

Hvor stor er Danmarks befolkning i dag – små 6 mio. Da jeg var teenager sagde man 4 mio. og jeg har slået op, lige efter WW2 var vi måske “kun” 3 mio og lidt mere.

Min lille by, Vejby, er også vokset, men moderat: de sidste grunde er bebygget, en stor æblehave er bebygget med ca 10 rækkehuse, nogle grunde er delt og nye huse bygget, ved stationen er det gamle ranger-terræn bebygget; en vinduesfabrik er lukket og ombygget til lejligheder ligesom den gamle stationsbygning. Men det er i Helsinge at de virkelige udvidelser er sket. For 37 år siden lå der et fundament langs vejen fra Helsinge til Rågeleje, men byggeriet lå hen i flere år inden der blev bygget, så kom pludselig flere huse omkring det sted, Birkely hedder det nu, med 119 boliger, og lidt længere væk Haragergård, samme, og NU kommer så endelig Ammendrup mod Annisse Nord og Troldebakkerne ved Laugø på ca 70 hektar, der færdigbygget vil indeholde omkring 700 nye boliger.

Der er løgplanter og grønsager

Der er tomater, salat, alle slags grøntsager – og frugt udenfor billedet

Det fantastisk ved dette billede er at det er taget om vinteren på en dag, hvor det havde været frostvejr — men vi kan købe grønt og frugt i vores lokale butik

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Den lille Købmand i Vejby 1986 havde med angst lånt nogle millioner til at køre forretning, og fik i løbet af et par år så stor omsætning at de kunne bygge nyt og det blev bedre og bedre – i 1990 omsætning 10 mio, og så videre.

Den nuværende Rema er arbejdsplads for 2-3 fastansatte og 6-10 løstansatte, unge mennesker, som tjener lidt ekstra. Men det er en solid forretning – der er publikum nok nu, for i udseende og sortiment kan den konkurrere med “storbyens” og derfor køber landliggere og sommerhus-ejere ind her sammen med de lokale, der ikke har råd til så meget.

Hvor mange mennesker er der i de små byer i Vestjylland? Hvad er demografien her? Er det virkelig nærheden af København, som er skyld i at Rema i Vejby kører som en god forretning?

Kan man gøre noget for at de små landsbyer, hvor Coop helst vil lukke, blomstrer op igen?